Legal Updates for Jan - 2024
Malaysia Announces Renewable Energy Programmes in Line with the National Energy Transition Roadmap
Malaysia makes promising moves towards achieving net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, in line with global roadmap goals which is in turn embedded in the National Energy Transition Roadmap (NETR). Minister in the Ministry of Energy Transition and Public Utilities, Datuk Seri Fadillah Yusof, recently announced a series of energy transition programmes and initiatives for 2024, which we will highlight in this Update.
- Large Scale Solar (LSS) Programme Makes a Comeback After More Than Three Years
- New Low Carbon Energy Generation Programme Announced
- Increased Net Energy Metering (NEM) Quota From 5 February 2024
Singapore High Court Finds Broker Not Liable for Investor's Decisions
When an experienced investor suffers losses after instructing his broker to sell his futures contracts, to what extent can the broker be held liable for his losses?In Rajesh Harichandra Budhrani v INTL FCStone Pte Ltd and others [2024] SGHC 18 ("Budhrani"), the dispute centred around several telephone conversations between the plaintiff and two employees of the first defendant, a Singapore-incorporated company dealing in capital markets products and exchange-traded derivatives contracts. During the conversations, the plaintiff instructed the employees to sell 66 of his silver futures contracts. After the sale, however, the plaintiff's account remained in deficit, and he brought proceedings against the defendants for alleged loss of profit.
Budhrani raises several interesting issues for investors and brokers alike. Can a margin call be issued on a Saturday? Does the unfair contracts terms regime apply to a contractual term stating that the broker assumes no responsibility for any information provided? Under what circumstances would a seasoned investor be considered as having been subject to duress and undue influence?
On these and other issues in Budhrani, the High Court found resoundingly in favour of the defendants, who were represented by Disa Sim, Torsten Cheong, and Jodi Siah of Rajah & Tann Singapore. 30 Jan 2024 | Singapore
Thailand’s Personal Data Protection Act – A Year in Review 2023
Thailand’s Personal Data Protection Act B.E. 2562 (2019) ("PDPA") became fully effective in mid-2022 and, since then, various subordinate laws have been issued to clarify certain provisions. In this Update, we set out a snapshot of PDPA developments in 2023, including enforcement trends and notifications.
30 Jan 2024 | ThailandLaw on Telecommunications 2023
On 24 November 2023, the National Assembly approved and passed the new Law on Telecommunications No. 24/2023/QH15 ("2023 LOT").
The 2023 LOT replaces the existing Law on Telecommunications that was enacted in 2009. The 2023 LOT will take effect from 1 July 2024, except for certain regulations concerning the following which take effect from 1 January 2025: (i) the provision of basic telecommunications services on the internet, data centre services and cloud computing services; and (ii) payment of fees for use of network numbers.
The proposed key changes introduced by the 2023 LOT relate to the following:
- Data centres and cloud computing services;
- Basic telecommunications service on the internet;
- New telecoms licensing regimes; and
- Wholesale activities in telecoms and competition management.
Court-led Mediation in Myanmar: Practical Tips for Favourable Outcomes
As part of its ongoing efforts to effectively manage the increasing caseloads of the Myanmar Courts, the Supreme Court of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar (USC) introduced a court-led mediation programme ("Mediation Programme") in March 2019 with the assistance of the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). The Mediation Programme aims to provide an alternative time- and cost-saving means for litigants to resolve their disputes. The pilot Mediation Programme was first implemented at eight Township Courts and two District Courts, and subsequently at all state and regional High Courts.
On 11 October 2021, the Myanmar Civil Procedure Code ("CPC") was amended to formally introduce court-led mediation by law as one of the avenues for the resolution of civil disputes. The CPC now provides that the following types of cases should be first referred to court-led mediation to see if a settlement can be reached:
- monetary claims, family disputes, and commercial disputes; and/or
- cases which are referred to mediation either voluntarily by mutual consent of the parties or by any law or notification of the USC after the defendant has entered his appearance in the case.
In this article, we share our observations on how court-led mediation is currently being conducted, together with practical tips on how to maximise your chances for a successful outcome.
26 Jan 2024 | MyanmarJudge, Jury and Investigator: Court of Appeal Outlines Scope of Liquidator's Investigative Duties and Powers
When a company is being wound up, its liquidators have powers to investigate into the company's affairs and dealings. Such powers are for the purpose of discharging their duties as officers of the court to steward the estate in liquidation.However, to what extent are liquidators supposed to investigate the company's affairs, particularly in the event of disputes between shareholders? Is it within the liquidators' purview to determine, for instance, the true ownership of the shares of members in order to distribute the assets of a company to the members?
These and other issues arose in Rashmi Bothra v SuntecCity Thirty Pte Ltd [2023] SGCA 38, in which the Court of Appeal ("CA") considered whether the High Court Judge ("Judge") had correctly rejected a shareholder's nominees as liquidators due to a perception of conflict and bias that would arise if the liquidators were required to determine the true beneficial ownership of her shares. The CA considered the purpose of the liquidators' investigative duties, finding that (i) the issue of beneficial ownership should be determined in separate proceedings between the relevant parties and not by the liquidators, and (ii) concerns of perceived conflict and bias surrounding the shareholder’s nominee liquidators were unfounded.
The appellant was successfully represented by Vikram Nair, Foo Xian Fong, and Glenna Liew of Rajah & Tann Singapore. 24 Jan 2024 | Singapore
The Revamped Electronic Information and Transaction Law: A New Year's Transformation
The Electronic Information and Transaction Law, initially amended in 2016 ("EIT Law"), underwent a significant transformation on 2 January 2024 with the enactment of the government-initiated and second amendment of the EIT Law ("Second Amendment").
In this edition of our client update, we will explore the below key provisions introduced by the Second Amendment:
- Online child safety;
- Mandatory use of electronic certification for high-risk electronic transactions;
- Indonesian law as the choice of law for international electronic contracts; and
- Strengthening government supervision and clarification of prohibited content.
Singapore Issues Draft Model AI Governance Framework for Generative AI
The AI Verify Foundation and the Infocomm Media Development Authority announced on 16 January 2024 that they have developed a draft Model AI Governance Framework for Generative AI ("Draft Framework"). The Draft Framework seeks to set out a systematic and balanced approach to address Generative AI concerns while continuing to facilitate innovation. It looks at nine proposed dimensions to support a comprehensive and trusted AI ecosystem and offers practical suggestions that model developers and policymakers can apply as initial steps.The Draft Framework welcomes views from the international community, which will support finalisation of the Model AI Governance Framework in mid-2024. Comments on the Draft Framework are to be submitted by 15 March 2024. In this Update, we highlight the key elements of the Draft Framework and the principles and recommendations contained therein. 24 Jan 2024 | Singapore
New KPPU Commissioners for the 2024-2029 Period Announced
On 18 January 2024, President Joko Widodo appointed the new commissioners of the KPPU (Komisi Pengawas Persaingan Usaha or the Indonesia Competition Commission) for the 2024-2029 period. This appointment had been anticipated by many, following a series of selection processes initiated by the selection committee formed by the President from around the end of 2022, as well as the fit and proper test by the House of Representatives.
Unlike in other jurisdictions where each commissioner may have different term of office, all members of the commissioners in the KPPU have the same office term, currently set from 2024 to 2029. Accordingly, the appointment of KPPU commissioners is made to replace the entire set of commissioners who were in office for the previous term. A commissioner of the previous term can still hold office for the next term following the same selection process.
19 Jan 2024 | IndonesiaRegional Trade Year-end Highlights 2023
Happy 2024! To wrap up the year 2023 and further to our Regional Trade Mid-year Highlights issued in August last year, we are pleased to present an overview of the various trade law related developments in the region. 2023 has been a year of moving onward from the pandemic, though fraught with gloomy growth predictions. In spite of this, trade law has continued to evolve, with legislations, regulations, and policies continuously upgrading to better facilitate the movement of goods across borders. We discuss some of the key developments across Southeast Asia, on topics such as anti-dumping and safeguard measures, developments relating to export/import, free trade agreements, as well as sanctions.
Some of the key developments highlighted in this Update include those on anti-dumping and safeguard duties in Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, and Vietnam. There are also developments to improve the ease of import and export of goods, by way of agreements for the mutual recognition of Authorised Economic Operator (“AEO”) programmes across countries, in particular the ASEAN AEO Mutual Recognition Agreement signed by all 10 ASEAN Member States. Singapore has updated its rules on its Free Trade Zones (“FTZ”), which imposes fresh obligations on FTZ cargo handlers, shipping agents, and air cargo agents. Businesses involved in the Malaysian market should also be cognisant of the enhanced marking obligations on wholesalers, manufacturers, imports and producers in relation to pre-packaged goods. Under the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (“CPTPP”), Vietnam has also introduced requirements on the import management of refurbished goods to meet their obligations.
Countries have also remained active in the negotiation and signing of both bilateral and multilateral free trade agreements ("FTA"), in a bid to facilitate greater trade and investment flows. Regionally, an update of significance is the enhancement of the ASEAN – Australia – New Zealand Free Trade Area (AANZFTA), which is ASEAN’s most comprehensive ASEAN-Plus FTA to date, with improvements being made in e-commerce, investment, services, consumer protection, and government procurement, amongst others. The UK is also set to join the CPTPP, which will help countries such as Malaysia, Singapore and Vietnam in gaining greater market access to the UK and present newopportunities for trade and investment. Going into 2024, we expect to see newer FTAs possibly incorporating elements such as digital trade, green economy, and e-commerce, which will further aid businesses in navigating the rapidly changing landscape. On sanctions, while there have been minimal developments in the second half of 2023, businesses should continue to stay alert to ensure that they comply with them, given the severity of breaching sanctions. There is enforcement activity, occurring as recent as in December 2023.
Moving forward into 2024, we wish you a smooth and prosperous year. We look forward to working and enaging with you, whether it is to ensure legal compliance, assisting to resolve any issues, or advising you on how to best utilise FTAs to improve your cross-border trade processes. We are also happy to help in conducting trainings or have a dialogue with you, to provide you with unique insights specific to your industry. Please feel free to reach out any time if you have any queries, or if you would like to have a chat.
18 Jan 2024 | ThailandRegional Trade Year-end Highlights 2023
Happy 2024! To wrap up the year 2023 and further to our Regional Trade Mid-year Highlights issued in August last year, we are pleased to present an overview of the various trade law related developments in the region. 2023 has been a year of moving onward from the pandemic, though fraught with gloomy growth predictions. In spite of this, trade law has continued to evolve, with legislations, regulations, and policies continuously upgrading to better facilitate the movement of goods across borders. We discuss some of the key developments across Southeast Asia, on topics such as anti-dumping and safeguard measures, developments relating to export/import, free trade agreements, as well as sanctions.
Some of the key developments highlighted in this Update include those on anti-dumping and safeguard duties in Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, and Vietnam. There are also developments to improve the ease of import and export of goods, by way of agreements for the mutual recognition of Authorised Economic Operator (“AEO”) programmes across countries, in particular the ASEAN AEO Mutual Recognition Agreement signed by all 10 ASEAN Member States. Singapore has updated its rules on its Free Trade Zones (“FTZ”), which imposes fresh obligations on FTZ cargo handlers, shipping agents, and air cargo agents. Businesses involved in the Malaysian market should also be cognisant of the enhanced marking obligations on wholesalers, manufacturers, imports and producers in relation to pre-packaged goods. Under the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (“CPTPP”), Vietnam has also introduced requirements on the import management of refurbished goods to meet their obligations.
Countries have also remained active in the negotiation and signing of both bilateral and multilateral free trade agreements ("FTA"), in a bid to facilitate greater trade and investment flows. Regionally, an update of significance is the enhancement of the ASEAN – Australia – New Zealand Free Trade Area (AANZFTA), which is ASEAN’s most comprehensive ASEAN-Plus FTA to date, with improvements being made in e-commerce, investment, services, consumer protection, and government procurement, amongst others. The UK is also set to join the CPTPP, which will help countries such as Malaysia, Singapore and Vietnam in gaining greater market access to the UK and present newopportunities for trade and investment. Going into 2024, we expect to see newer FTAs possibly incorporating elements such as digital trade, green economy, and e-commerce, which will further aid businesses in navigating the rapidly changing landscape. On sanctions, while there have been minimal developments in the second half of 2023, businesses should continue to stay alert to ensure that they comply with them, given the severity of breaching sanctions. There is enforcement activity, occurring as recent as in December 2023.
Moving forward into 2024, we wish you a smooth and prosperous year. We look forward to working and enaging with you, whether it is to ensure legal compliance, assisting to resolve any issues, or advising you on how to best utilise FTAs to improve your cross-border trade processes. We are also happy to help in conducting trainings or have a dialogue with you, to provide you with unique insights specific to your industry. Please feel free to reach out any time if you have any queries, or if you would like to have a chat.
17 Jan 2024 | MalaysiaRegional Trade Year-end Highlights 2023
Happy 2024! To wrap up the year 2023 and further to our Regional Trade Mid-year Highlights issued in August last year, we are pleased to present an overview of the various trade law related developments in the region. 2023 has been a year of moving onward from the pandemic, though fraught with gloomy growth predictions. In spite of this, trade law has continued to evolve, with legislations, regulations, and policies continuously upgrading to better facilitate the movement of goods across borders. We discuss some of the key developments across Southeast Asia, on topics such as anti-dumping and safeguard measures, developments relating to export/import, free trade agreements, as well as sanctions.Some of the key developments highlighted in this Update include those on anti-dumping and safeguard duties in Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, and Vietnam. There are also developments to improve the ease of import and export of goods, by way of agreements for the mutual recognition of Authorised Economic Operator (“AEO”) programmes across countries, in particular the ASEAN AEO Mutual Recognition Agreement signed by all 10 ASEAN Member States. Singapore has updated its rules on its Free Trade Zones (“FTZ”), which imposes fresh obligations on FTZ cargo handlers, shipping agents, and air cargo agents. Businesses involved in the Malaysian market should also be cognisant of the enhanced marking obligations on wholesalers, manufacturers, imports and producers in relation to pre-packaged goods. Under the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (“CPTPP”), Vietnam has also introduced requirements on the import management of refurbished goods to meet their obligations.
Countries have also remained active in the negotiation and signing of both bilateral and multilateral free trade agreements ("FTA"), in a bid to facilitate greater trade and investment flows. Regionally, an update of significance is the enhancement of the ASEAN – Australia – New Zealand Free Trade Area (AANZFTA), which is ASEAN’s most comprehensive ASEAN-Plus FTA to date, with improvements being made in e-commerce, investment, services, consumer protection, and government procurement, amongst others. The UK is also set to join the CPTPP, which will help countries such as Malaysia, Singapore and Vietnam in gaining greater market access to the UK and present new opportunities for trade and investment. Going into 2024, we expect to see newer FTAs possibly incorporating elements such as digital trade, green economy, and e-commerce, which will further aid businesses in navigating the rapidly changing landscape. On sanctions, while there have been minimal developments in the second half of 2023, businesses should continue to stay alert to ensure that they comply with them, given the severity of breaching sanctions. There is enforcement activity, occurring as recent as in December 2023.
Moving forward into 2024, we wish you a smooth and prosperous year. We look forward to working and enaging with you, whether it is to ensure legal compliance, assisting to resolve any issues, or advising you on how to best utilise FTAs to improve your cross-border trade processes. We are also happy to help in conducting trainings or have a dialogue with you, to provide you with unique insights specific to your industry. Please feel free to reach out any time if you have any queries, or if you would like to have a chat. 17 Jan 2024 | Singapore
The Resurgence of Artificial Intelligence
2023 was all about Artificial Intelligence or AI; this tech darling’s worldwide rise is poised to continue in 2024. AI’s benefit is well documented as its application continues to evolve. Naturally, issues and downsides are also anticipated, and many pundits predicted that AI-related dispute will increase in 2024. Hence, it was no surprise that 2023 closes with The New York Times suing OpenAI and Microsoft for alleged IP rights infringement. The New York Times alleges OpenAI of developing its AI by using The New York Times’ publication without due regard of intellectual property rights.
The trend in Indonesia is no different when it comes to AI. In anticipation of negative impacts from its increasing use, the Indonesian government has taken steps to regulate it. Similar to positions undertaken in other jurisdictions, the Indonesian government also adopted a ‘soft law’ approach to AI governance, where ethical guidelines are the norm.
In this client update, we will take a closer look at the two most recent guidelines on AI governance framework, which were issued almost simultaneously by the Ministry of Communication and Informatics (“Ministry”) and the Financial Services Authority (Otoritas Jasa Keuangan or “OJK”).
15 Jan 2024 | IndonesiaRegional Guide on Listings & Initial Public Offerings in Southeast Asia
Rajah & Tann Asia is pleased to present this guide on listings and initial public offerings in Southeast Asia to you, which we believe will be a useful aid to listing aspirants in the Asia region. As a summary, this guide gives a general overview of the key requirements and processes involved in listings and initial public offerings in the following jurisdictions:
- Singapore
- Indonesia
- Malaysia
- Thailand
- Cambodia
- Vietnam
In addition to the above, this guide also provides a general overview of the capital markets and/or stock exchanges in the region.
Rajah & Tann Asia is here to assist you in every step of your way towards a successful listing. If you have any queries on any specific jurisdiction(s), please feel free to reach out to any one of our experts in our Rajah & Tann Asia and we will be happy to assist.
This publication is up to date as of 3 January 2024. As the report is cast in general terms and not exhaustive, detailed advice must be sought on specific situations or queries.
12 Jan 2024 | CambodiaRegional Guide on Listings & Initial Public Offerings in Southeast Asia
Rajah & Tann Asia is pleased to present this guide on listings and initial public offerings in Southeast Asia to you, which we believe will be a useful aid to listing aspirants in the Asia region. As a summary, this guide gives a general overview of the key requirements and processes involved in listings and initial public offerings in the following jurisdictions:
- Singapore
- Indonesia
- Malaysia
- Thailand
- Cambodia
- Vietnam
In addition to the above, this guide also provides a general overview of the capital markets and/or stock exchanges in the region.
Rajah & Tann Asia is here to assist you in every step of your way towards a successful listing. If you have any queries on any specific jurisdiction(s), please feel free to reach out to any one of our experts in our Rajah & Tann Asia and we will be happy to assist.
This publication is up to date as of 3 January 2024. As the report is cast in general terms and not exhaustive, detailed advice must be sought on specific situations or queries.
12 Jan 2024 | IndonesiaRegional Guide on Listings & Initial Public Offerings in Southeast Asia
Rajah & Tann Asia is pleased to present this guide on listings and initial public offerings in Southeast Asia to you, which we believe will be a useful aid to listing aspirants in the Asia region. As a summary, this guide gives a general overview of the key requirements and processes involved in listings and initial public offerings in the following jurisdictions:- Singapore
- Indonesia
- Malaysia
- Thailand
- Cambodia
- Vietnam
In addition to the above, this guide also provides a general overview of the capital markets and/or stock exchanges in the region.
Rajah & Tann Asia is here to assist you in every step of your way towards a successful listing. If you have any queries on any specific jurisdiction(s), please feel free to reach out to any one of our experts in our Rajah & Tann Asia and we will be happy to assist.
This publication is up to date as of 3 January 2024. As the report is cast in general terms and not exhaustive, detailed advice must be sought on specific situations or queries.
Regional Guide on Listings & Initial Public Offerings in Southeast Asia
Rajah & Tann Asia is pleased to present this guide on listings and initial public offerings in Southeast Asia to you, which we believe will be a useful aid to listing aspirants in the Asia region. As a summary, this guide gives a general overview of the key requirements and processes involved in listings and initial public offerings in the following jurisdictions:
- Singapore
- Indonesia
- Malaysia
- Thailand
- Cambodia
- Vietnam
In addition to the above, this guide also provides a general overview of the capital markets and/or stock exchanges in the region.
Rajah & Tann Asia is here to assist you in every step of your way towards a successful listing. If you have any queries on any specific jurisdiction(s), please feel free to reach out to any one of our experts in our Rajah & Tann Asia and we will be happy to assist.
This publication is up to date as of 3 January 2024. As the report is cast in general terms and not exhaustive, detailed advice must be sought on specific situations or queries.
12 Jan 2024 | ThailandRegional Guide on Listings & Initial Public Offerings in Southeast Asia
Rajah & Tann Asia is pleased to present this guide on listings and initial public offerings in Southeast Asia to you, which we believe will be a useful aid to listing aspirants in the Asia region. As a summary, this guide gives a general overview of the key requirements and processes involved in listings and initial public offerings in the following jurisdictions:
- Singapore
- Indonesia
- Malaysia
- Thailand
- Cambodia
- Vietnam
In addition to the above, this guide also provides a general overview of the capital markets and/or stock exchanges in the region.
Rajah & Tann Asia is here to assist you in every step of your way towards a successful listing. If you have any queries on any specific jurisdiction(s), please feel free to reach out to any one of our experts in our Rajah & Tann Asia and we will be happy to assist.
This publication is up to date as of 3 January 2024. As the report is cast in general terms and not exhaustive, detailed advice must be sought on specific situations or queries.
12 Jan 2024 | VietnamRegional Guide on Listings & Initial Public Offerings in Southeast Asia
Rajah & Tann Asia is pleased to present this guide on listings and initial public offerings in Southeast Asia to you, which we believe will be a useful aid to listing aspirants in the Asia region. As a summary, this guide gives a general overview of the key requirements and processes involved in listings and initial public offerings in the following jurisdictions:
- Singapore
- Indonesia
- Malaysia
- Thailand
- Cambodia
- Vietnam
In addition to the above, this guide also provides a general overview of the capital markets and/or stock exchanges in the region.
Rajah & Tann Asia is here to assist you in every step of your way towards a successful listing. If you have any queries on any specific jurisdiction(s), please feel free to reach out to any one of our experts in our Rajah & Tann Asia and we will be happy to assist.
This publication is up to date as of 3 January 2024. As the report is cast in general terms and not exhaustive, detailed advice must be sought on specific situations or queries.
12 Jan 2024 | VietnamPrakas on Trustees' Obligations to Report, Notify, and Request for Approval
On 20 December 2023, the Non-Banking Financial Services Authority issued a new Prakas No. 067 on Trustees' Obligations to Report, Notify, and Request for Approval ("Prakas"). This Prakas comprises 7 chapters with 27 articles which apply to all licensed/permitted trustees in the Kingdom of Cambodia. The purpose of the Prakas is to specify the obligations of trustees in relation to reporting, notifying, and seeking approval from the Trust Regulator to facilitate monitoring for effective, transparent, and accountable execution of trustee obligations.
This Update highlights the key features of the Prakas.
10 Jan 2024 | CambodiaOJK Encourages Productive Loan in New Peer-to-Peer Implementing Regulation: What is the Impact for Businesses?
In November 2023, Indonesia’s Financial Services Authority or OJK (Otoritas Jasa Keuangan) introduced a new implementing regulation on peer-to-peer or P2P lending (which itself is regulated by OJK Regulation No. 10/POJK.05/2022 on Information Technology-Based Collective Financing Services (“P2P Regulation”).
The new implementing regulation, Circular Letter No. 19/SEOJK.06/2023 on the Organisation of Information Technology-Based Collective Financing Services (“Circular Letter”) regulates the provisions in the P2P Regulation in more detail, most notably on maximum economic benefit, scoring criteria of borrowers, level of loan quality, and performance publication. Clients should note that the implementing circular letter for the previous regulation, namely OJK Circular Letter No. 18/SEOJK.02/2017, has not been revoked. As it is also in line with the new Circular Letter, it remains valid.
08 Jan 2024 | IndonesiaHigh Court Examines Threshold for Sole Custody Orders Involving Parental Absence
Does a parent’s absence from a child’s life warrant the making of a sole custody order? The case of WMR v WMQ examines the threshold for the making of sole custody orders, in particular, where parental absence is involved.Here, the Father successfully appealed the Family Court’s decision to grant the Mother’s application to vary a joint custody order to sole custody to her, based in part on the Father’s six-year absence from the children’s lives. The High Court reinstated the Father’s right to custody over the children by way of a joint custody order.
Kevin Tan and Shawn Teo of Rajah & Tann Singapore LLP acted as instructed counsel for the Father (instructed by Imperial Law LLC) in this successful appeal. 05 Jan 2024 | Singapore
Tax & Custom Alert – January 2024
In this Update, we highlight the following tax and customs developments in Vietnam:
- Global Minimum Tax Introduction & Potential Tax Reforms;
- Double Tax Agreement between Vietnam and Singapore - Application to Capital Share Transfer in Vietnam Entity; and
- Supplements to Vietnam’s Customs Regulations for Period 2022 – 2027 under RCEP.